Writing a Good Personal Statement for Law School

<h1>Writing a Good Personal Statement for Law School</h1><p>Writing a decent close to home proclamation is one of the most significant pieces of entrance into any of the four exceptionally esteemed graduate schools. The sorts of composing required, and your application grade, will have a critical effect in the outcomes that you get.</p><p></p><p>In request to get into any of the top graduate schools, you should be excellent here and there. While entrance into these colleges is dictated by government sanctioned tests and other rules, they take a gander at a candidate's character, initiative capacities, and solid hard working attitude. A solid individual articulation is a colossal piece of helping the confirmations office to comprehend what makes you remarkable. You can think of one yourself or approach a consultant or guide for an example that will assist you with getting started.</p><p></p><p>You should start composing your own announcement by talking about your objectives. You need to exhibit that you are aggressive, yet in addition equipped for finishing the necessities of the school you are applying to. This incorporates the size of the grant, course load, examine openings, and extra-curricular exercises that will permit you to contribute decidedly to the grounds community.</p><p></p><p>Decide how much time you need to commit to the school and your profession, and think about how you will fit in with the University's timetable. Is it true that you are as of now taking full-time classes, or would you say you are wanting to take at any rate a full-time entry level position? This data will assist you with measuring your time commitments.</p><p></p><p>If you have had significant life occasions in the previous year, expound on them in the exposition. Maybe you should delay your acknowledgment at this school. Or on the other hand, perhaps it is a perio d in your life when you figure you may be considered as a possibility for a spot, so be as explicit as possible.</p><p></p><p>Writing an individual proclamation isn't just an approach to communicate your perspectives on your vocation and goals. You should likewise manufacture a solid establishment of supporting documentation, which will be utilized in the confirmations office. Rundown the regular scholarly and character attributes that you feel will be generally useful to the confirmations staff.</p><p></p><p>If you are applying to an undergrad school, the initial segment of your own announcement will enable the admissions to staff recognize the characteristics they are searching for. Portray your most amazing encounters, the zones where you need to improve, and the parts of your character that you wish to create. For the alumni program, the composing will be progressively centered around school planning. The composing ought to likewis e incorporate your explanations behind going to graduate school, and your arrangements for the future.</p><p></p><p>If you are applying to clinical school, or to the Peace Corps, expound on your enthusiasm for helping individuals in your locale. In the event that you are applying to the criminal equity or criminological science program, at that point expound on your achievements as an understudy, an individual, or a leader.</p>

Essay Topics About Nativism

Essay Topics About NativismEssay topics about nativism are hard to come by, but you should consider writing an essay on it if you want to achieve your objective. Nativism is a rather strange academic word, but it means 'nationalism'identity'. It is one of the topics in history that has been around for centuries and is very meaningful to those who experienced it firsthand. If you want to write an essay on nativism, you must decide what your topic will be.If you are interested in writing an essay about nativism, it is important to remember that it is more important now than ever before. People from different countries and backgrounds are coming together to build a stronger United States. In addition, there are many people in different parts of the country who are forming their own communities, not only to have a strong sense of community, but also to increase their chances of finding work and moving up the income ladder. An essay about nativism can be written about any and all people i n the country.The fact that the topic has become so political recently can make it difficult to cover, but you can still get to the core of what the subject is about with some research on public opinion. You can find opinion polls and articles that tell you about the views of average citizens in each area. This will help you come up with an idea of what the general public is thinking about activism in your area.Once you know what the public is thinking about in your local area, you can begin to investigate these opinions. You may be surprised to find out that there are many opinions that are different from your own. This will give you a better understanding of what the topic of your essay should be about.You should think about why you are writing the essay as well, whether it is a history class or a work of fiction, you will need to have a good idea about what you are writing about. The topic of essay topics about nativism may be controversial in the eyes of many people, but it is s omething that should be discussed. People should be allowed to express their opinion without fear of being fired. Some people may find it racist, but others will find it just another cultural heritage.Another thing that will help you write interesting essay topics about nativism is to focus on the background and experience of those involved in the topic. You should include every person who is associated with the issue, even those who don't necessarily support it. You should include all of the background information that you can on each of the people that are involved in the issue. This will help you come up with a well-rounded experience of the topic that is interesting for your reader.One of the best ways to write interesting essay topics about nativism is to really go down to the roots of the subject. You should look at how history relates to modern times, and how the changes that have occurred in the society are affecting people today. People have to decide for themselves what th ey want, and in some cases they have to fight for it. It can be very important to find out the reasons that people choose to work, and these reasons should be considered in your essay.Essay topics about nativism should be interesting for everyone, especially the people who are concerned about it. You can learn about the importance of activism, and how it can effect people. You will be surprised at how a few pieces of background information and opinion research can add to the quality of the essay. When you write an essay about nativism, you should think about what the subject is about and then use your knowledge to give it context.

Secondary Essay Samples

Secondary Essay SamplesSecondary essays are one of the few assignments that you can find when preparing for a degree. They are written specifically for your intended area of study and you will want to get great results that reflect the quality of your work. You can write short versions of both essay subjects, while you are waiting for your grades.Secondary essays may be completed for different subjects, but you will need to read each sample carefully. Make sure that they reflect your specific learning style and topic. Make sure that they are easy to read and clear.Secondary essay samples for composition are the best places to start. These are easy to complete and take less than fifteen minutes. There are plenty of opportunities to research the source material and make sure that it is well-known and relevant. Make sure that your thesis is clear, concise and precise.Secondary essay samples for journalism require more reading and research. This subject is more complicated because of the work that is involved. Make sure that you have done the research and you know what to do, before writing a great piece.For those with basic skills, it is also possible to write on other topics. This can help to strengthen your academic skills. You will want to spend some time making sure that the essay is as clear as possible and that the topic is related to your area of study.Secondary essay samples for science are also helpful. Some of the topics may not be popular, but there are still plenty of assignments that can help to test your knowledge and enhance your ability to do more. There are several excellent sources for this area of study, so make sure that you know how to do basic research to find the best material.For more information about secondary essay samples, you can visit the World Wide Web. You can also try online reference books. They will help you learn more about what kind of project you will be writing.

Unexpected Inflation Free Essays

Unexpected In? ation and Redistribution of Wealth in Canada Cesaire A. Meh, Canadian Economic Analysis, and Yaz Terajima, Financial Stability One of the most important arguments in favour of price stability is that unexpected in? ation generates changes in the distribution of income and wealth among different economic agents. These redistributions occur because many loans in the economy are speci? ed in ? xed-dollar terms. We will write a custom essay sample on Unexpected Inflation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unexpected in? ation redistributes wealth from creditors to debtors by reducing the real value of nominal assets and liabilities. This article quanti? es the redistributional effects of unexpected in? ation in Canada. To this end, we ? rst provide comprehensive evidence of the nominal assets and liabilities of various economic sectors and household groups. We ? nd that the redistributional effects of unexpected in? ation are large even for episodes of low in? ation. The main winners are young, middleincome households, who are major holders of ? xed-rate mortgage debt, and the government, since in? ation reduces the real burden of their debt for both groups. The losers are high-income households and middle-aged, middle-income households that hold long-term bonds and nonindexed pension wealth. T here is ongoing research on potential re? ements to monetary policy regimes in countries with low and stable in? ation. In Canada, for example, a systematic review of the current in? ationtargeting framework is underway (see the other articles in this issue). An issue that has received relatively less attention is the redistributional effects of unexpected in? ation. 1 Redistributional effects occur because many savings, investments, and loans in the economy are speci? ed in money terms (i. e. , not adjusted for in? ation); unexpected in? ation therefore redistributes wealth from lenders to borrowers by lowering the real value of nominal assets and liabilities. The analysis of these effects may be important since the welfare costs of in? ation depend not only on aggregate effects but also on potential redistributional consequences. Our calculations show that, even with an episode of low in? ation, the redistribution can be sizable. While this is a wealth transfer from one agent in the economy to another, a sense of who wins and who loses is essential in order to assess transitional costs and potential public support for reform. The goal of this article is to provide insight into the redistributional effects of in? tion in Canada. The article is a summary of the recent research of Meh and Terajima (2008). 3 The article proceeds as follows. The ? rst section documents nominal assets and liabilities (i. e. , ? nancial assets and liabilities that are denominated in Canadian dollars and not fully indexed to in? ation) held by different economic sectors and 1 2 . 3 In this article, we focus on in? ation that is either unexpected or partially unexpected. If in? ation were completely expected, the change in the real value of the nominal claim would be incorporated in the contract. Hence, there would not be any redistribution. On the other hand, lower-than-expected in? ation redistributes wealth from borrowers to lenders. Meh and Terajima (2008) build on Doepke and Schneider (2006) who document nominal assets and liabilities in the United States and develop a methodology to compute the redistribution of wealth caused by in? ation. UNEXPECTED INFLATION AND REDISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH IN CANADA BANK OF CANADA REVIEW SPRING 2009 43 household groups, while the second part describes the methodology used to compute the redistribution of wealth induced by unexpected in? ation. Using this methodology and the documented nominal positions, the third section quantitatively assesses the redistribution of wealth under episodes of low and moderate in? ation. The ? nal part of the article concludes. Nominal Assets and Liabilities Unexpected in? ation generates redistributions because most ? nancial assets and liabilities are speci? ed in money terms. For example, payments on ? xedrate mortgage contracts, bank deposits, non-indexed de? ned-bene? t pension plans,4 government and corporate bonds, and other types of loans are generally not adjusted for unexpected in? ation. Hence, when in? ation is high, the value of these assets and liabilities falls in terms of purchasing power, since the prices of other goods and services go up with in? ation, but payments on these ? nancial claims are ? xed. The extent of the changes in the purchasing power of ? nancial assets and liabilities also depends on the term to maturity, as we will show later on. In this section, we document Canadian holdings by type and maturity in various categories of assets and liabilities. Speci? cally, we look at asset and liability positions for three sectors: household, government, and non-residents. We also consider different groups of households. The objective is to show that, among these different groups of agents, holdings of nominal assets and liabilities differ in both qualitatively and quantitatively important ways. Given that these differences exist, there is potential for redistribution among them following in? ation shocks. (SFS). The NBSA documents the ownership of ? nanc ial and non-? nancial assets and liabilities by sector. We use the NBSA to compute the net asset and liability positions of the household, government, and foreign sectors. The SFS is a household survey data set on income and wealth. We use the 2005 wave (the latest available), involving about 5,000 households, with weights to produce Canadian aggregates. It provides a comprehensive picture of assets and liabilities. For the sake of consistency, we use the 2005 NBSA and focus our analyses on the year 2005. Categories of nominal assets and liabilities Following Doepke and Schneider (2006), nominal assets and liabilities are de? ned as all ? nancial claims that are denominated in Canadian dollars and not fully indexed to in? ation. We report net nominal positions (i. e. , assets minus liabilities) in four categories, de? ned as follows:6 †¢ Short-term – ? nancial assets and liabilities with a term to maturity less than or equal to one year (e. g. , domestic currency, bank deposits, consumer credit, and short-term paper) †¢ Mortgages – all mortgage claims †¢ Bonds – non-mortgage and non-pension nominal claims with maturity greater than one year, including government and corporate bonds and bank loans †¢ Pensions – employer pension plans without provisions for indexing bene? ts to the cost of living, including both de? ed-contribution plans and non-indexed de? ned-bene? t plans7 We distinguish among these categories because they differ in maturity structure. Differences in maturity will emerge as a key factor in assessing the extent of potential redistribution. Unexpected in? ation generates redistributions because most ? nancial assets and liabilities are speci? ed in money terms. Sectoral positions Data We use two main data sets, both provided by Statistics Canada: the National Balance Sheet Accounts (NBSA) and the Survey of Financial Security 4 5 Non-indexed de? ned-bene? pension plans are those where retirees receive ? xed payments not adjusted for in? ation. Since all businesses are owned by their shareholders, we allocate business sector portfolios across the three sectors, based on each sector’s equity holdings. Table 1 shows net positions in each category, as well as the overall net nominal position (NNP) for each sector. Positions are expressed relative to gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005. Positive numbers indicate net lending; negative numbers, net borrowing. 6 7 For more details, see Meh and Terajima (2008). Another type of plan is the indexed de? ed-bene? t plan. These plans are treated as real assets, since in? ation will not affect them. 44 UNEXPECTED INFLATION AND REDISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH IN CANADA BANK OF CANADA REVI EW SPRING 2009 We observe that households are the main net nominal lenders overall, with NNP at 40. 14 per cent of GDP. The government sector, at about 43 per cent of GDP, is the main counterparty borrowing from households. The foreign sector has a positive but small NNP of 2. 85 per cent of GDP. Households tend to lend through short-term claims, bonds, and pensions, and borrow through mortgages. The government sector borrows mainly through bonds; it also borrows through short-term claims and pensions. 8 The non-resident sector lends in mortgages and bonds and owes in pensions. 9 These observations suggest that households are the likely losers of unexpected in? ation, since it lowers the purchasing power of their lending (i. e. , savings). Table 1: Net Nominal Positions as a Percentage of GDP Sectors Short-term claims Mortgages Bonds Pensions NNP Households 12. 25 -11. 94 22. 14 17. 69 40. 14 Government -7. 60 3. 19 -29. 67 -8. 91 -42. 99 Non-residents -4. 65 8. 75 7. 53 -8. 79 2. 85 Table 2: Nominal Positions as a Percentage of Net Worth by Age Age Cohort Under 36 36–45 Short-term claims Mortgages Bonds Pensions NNP 4. 83 -37. 95 -2. 63 -0. 05 -35. 80 -1. 01 -13. 57 4. 70 -1. 31 -11. 19 46–55 1. 48 0. 07 6. 50 5. 01 13. 06 56–65 2. 40 4. 48 7. 90 7. 36 22. 14 66–75 9. 00 3. 55 6. 70 8. 68 27. 93 Over 75 12. 27 3. 29 7. 68 8. 65 31. 89 Household groups We now look at the household sector in more detail, using the SFS data set. We examine three classes (low-income, middle-income, and high-income) and six age groups (under 36, 36–45, 46–55, 56–65, 66–75, and over 75) to observe differences within the sector. 0 Table 2 presents the overall positions for each age group as a percentage of the group’s net worth. We observe that the NNP increases with age, implying that households shift from being net borrowers to net lenders as they get older. Most of the borrowing of the young is from mortgages. With age, more lending (i. e. , saving) is observed in pensions and in liquid short-term claims. This implies that young households will gain from unexpected in? ation while older households will lose. Qualitatively, these patterns generally hold across different income classes, although with different magnitudes. Table 3 shows the positions of the three income classes, with the long-term category combining mortgages, bonds, and pensions. 11 The general pattern of â€Å"borrowing more when young and lending more with age† holds across different income classes. We observe, however, that levels of borrowing relative to their net worth among young middle-income and low-income households are relatively larger than they are for high-income households, mainly because the portfolios of low-income and middle-income households are concentrated in residential real estate (mortgages). This implies that while the young generally bene? from in? ation, bene? ts are likely concentrated among low-income and middleincome households. Table 3: Nominal Positions as a Percentage of Net Worth by Age and Income Class Age Cohort Under 36 36–45 High-income Short-term claims Long-term claims Medium-income Short-term claims 5. 83 2. 24 -28. 71 4. 39 7. 01 5. 49 20. 55 9. 07 20. 29 14. 91 18. 97 3. 86 -6. 5 2 -3. 73 5. 89 -1. 97 18. 40 -2. 36 19. 89 8. 48 19. 03 8. 56 21. 26 46–55 56–65 66–75 Over 75 Long-term claims -95. 27 Low-income Short-term claims 18. 90 Long-term claims -71. 01 -0. 06 -27. 07 5. 04 -8. 30 13. 84 6. 89 12. 58 1. 7 10. 96 12. 79 8 The government sector is a borrower in pensions as it holds liabilities from employer pension plans to its employees. 9 The borrowing in pensions by the non-resident sector indirectly re? ects the pension liabilities of the business sector. As previously mentioned, we allocate business sector portfolios across the three sectors, based on each sector’s equity holdings. 10 The classes are de? ned based on a mix of income and wealth. For simplicity, we use the terms low-income, middle-income, and high-income to refer to each class. See Meh and Terajima (2008) for the details. 1 The distribution of households as well as that of net worth by age group and income class is shown in Meh and Terajima (2008). UNEXPECTED INFLATION AND REDISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH IN CANADA BANK OF CANADA REVIEW SPRING 2009 45 How In? ation Causes Redistribution Given the observed differences in nominal positions among households, government, and non-residents, unexpected in? ation should induce redistributions of real wealth. But how do we begin to identify the pattern and quantify the extent of the redistributions? The size of wealth redistribution depends on how economic agents adjust their expectations to in? tion surprises. We follow Doepke and Schneider (2006) by considering two scenarios that provide upper and lower bounds on the redistribution of wealth. The upper bound is captured by a â€Å"full-surprise† scenario (hereafter FS). In this scenario, during several years of experiencing in? ation shocks, agents do not anticipate that shocks will continue in subsequent periods; nominal interest rates remain unchanged and the in? ation shock lowers the real value of nominal positions each period, regardless of the duration of these positions. Wealth redistribution from in? tion The goal of this section is to use the nominal positions documented above, combined with the methodology just described, to estimate the redistribution of wealth for an in? ation episode. Historically, in? ation episodes with different magnitudes lasting for extended periods have occurred. For example, between 2000 and 2004, the average in? ation rate in Canada was generally higher than the in? ation target rate of two per cent. To illustrate the in? ation-induced redistribution of wealth, we will consider a hypothetical in? ation episode that lasts ? e years with an in? ation shock of one per cent, starting in the benchmark year 2005. 12 Redistribution across sectors Table 4 summarizes the sectoral present-value gains and losses induced by an in? ation episode with one per cent shocks that continue for ? ve years, beginning in 2005, under the FS and IA in? ation scenarios. Table 4: Redistribution of Wealth acro ss Sectors as a Percentage of GDP, with a One Per Cent In? ation Shock Lasting Five Years Households Sectors Net Full-surprise scenario -1. 95 -1. 26 Gains 12. 53 7. 61 Losses -14. 48 -8. 86 2. 09 1. 49 -0. 14 -0. 3 Government Non-residents The size of wealth redistribution depends on how economic agents adjust their expectations to in? ation surprises. The lower bound is given by an â€Å"indexing ASAP† scenario (hereafter IA), where agents adjust their expectations after the initial shock to take into account the full duration of the shock. This scenario is also known as a gradual in? ation episode, since in? ation is partially anticipated. Under the IA scenario, the nominal yield curve is adjusted upwards to incorporate the in? ation shock. As a result, under the IA scenario, in? tion-induced gains or losses depend on the maturity of the nominal position. The position is â€Å"locked-in† at the pre-shock nominal interest rate until its maturity date but must be disc ounted using the new nominal rate, resulting in a lower present value. Intuitively, present-value gains or losses for a claim are larger under the FS scenario because all the positions are affected equally by the in? ation episode. Under the IA scenario, however, long-term positions are affected more drastically than shorter positions. Agents are able to mitigate their losses on instruments that mature before the in? tion episode ends. Our calculations are based on a present-value analysis, described in Box 1. Box 2 discusses how we assign terms to maturity for each category of claims. Indexing ASAP scenario It is apparent from the table that, under the two scenarios, the household sector loses, while the government sector wins. The household sector loss and the government gain are both large. Under FS, the household losses amount to 1. 95 per cent of GDP (or $26. 8 billion), while the government gain is 2. 09 per cent (roughly 5 per cent of NNP). The non-resident sector loses, but the loss is small, just 0. 4 per cent of GDP. To understand these ? ndings, recall that, under FS, gains and losses are directly proportional to the initial nominal positions. Since the household sector is the economy’s main lender and the government sector is the main borrower, it is not surprising that these sectors are the most dramatically affected by the shock under the FS scenario. 12 Under the current in? ation-targeting framework, in? ation has not exceeded expectations by one per cent for ? ve consecutive years. However, as a hypothetical scenario, we suppose price-level shocks that push in? tion to the upper bound of the range speci? ed in the current framework. The current annual in? ation target is two per cent with the target range extending from one to three per cent. 46 UNEXPECTED INFLATION AND REDISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH IN CANADA BANK OF CANADA REVIEW SPRING 2009 Box 1 Present-Value Analysis of Redistributions1 Full-surprise (FS) Scenario We start with an explan ation of how unexpected in? ation changes the purchasing power of a nominal claim. Consider an -year, zero-coupon bond with a total nominal yield at time of . In the absence of unexpected in? tion, the present value of one dollar earned in periods through investment in this ? nancial claim is given by are then summed over all claims to derive the net redistribution. Indexing ASAP Scenario The indexing ASAP scenario corresponds to a onetime announcement at period that, starting from the current period , in? ation will be percent higher than expected during each period for the next periods. Assuming that the announcement is credible, bond markets will immediately revise their in? ation expectations and incorporate these updates into the nominal yield curve. Assuming that the real curve does not change after the shock and that the Fisher equation holds, the new nominal interest rate used to discount . Therefore, the present a claim is value, , of a claim under IA is , where indicates the exponential function to base . Suppose that at time , there is a one-time surprise increase in in? ation of per cent per year that lasts for periods. Under the FS scenario, since the in? ation shock in each subsequent period is unanticipated, market expectations do not adjust and the nominal term structure is unchanged. As a result, only a proportion, , of a position’s present value remains, and this proportion falls as the size and duration of the shock increase. The present value of , is thus given by this nominal claim under FS, This equation shows that the present value of a onedollar claim at time is independent of the term to maturity of that claim. The present-value gain or loss, , is given by As can be seen from this equation, in contrast to the FS scenario, under IA, a ? nancial position of maturity will be affected only for the periods of its duration, before which the agent is assumed to reinvest at the pre-shock real yield. This is analogous to the agent’s reinvesting in a claim that offers a nominal rate of return that has been indexed to take the in? ation announcement into account. The present-value gain or loss of a claim of maturity under IA is given by: The net present value of gain or loss depends only on the size and duration of the shock and the initial nominal position. The gain is, indeed, proportional to the . pre-shock position, with a coef? cient of If , then there is a gain from the in? ation episode; otherwise, there is a loss. In order to derive the total gain or loss of an economic agent (e. g. , a sector r a household), is calculated for each claim with a term to maturity . The gains or losses 1 This methodology to calculate redistribution can be applied to compare the size of redistribution under different monetary policy regimes such as in? ation targeting and price-level targeting. This point is summarized in Crawford, Meh, and Terajima (this issue) and analyzed in detail in Meh, Rios-Rull, and Terajima (2008). Hence, under IA, the present-value gain or loss depends on (i) the size of the shock ( ), (ii) the duration of the shock ( ), (iii) the initial nominal position , and (iv) the maturity of the claim ( ). On the other hand, as mentioned above, the gain or loss under the FS scenario for any position is independent of its maturity. The IA scenario provides a lower bound for gain or loss on a claim, since it assumes full adjustment of expectations to the path of in? ation following the initial announcement. The total gain or loss of an economic agent is derived in the same way as in the FS scenario, based on the sum of the gains and losses from each claim. UNEXPECTED INFLATION AND REDISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH IN CANADA BANK OF CANADA REVIEW SPRING 2009 47 Box 2 Term-to-Maturity Structure In this box, we describe how terms to maturity are determined for each claim. For ? nancial short-term claims, we assume that they all have one-year terms to maturity, such that we set = 1. For mortgages, we apply the distribution of ? xed-rate mortgages by term in 2005. 1 The distribution is obtained using the Canadian Financial Monitor data set from Ipsos Reid Canada, which is compiled from a household survey containing detailed mortgage information. Chart A presents the distribution of mortgages across terms of mortgages, weighted by outstanding balances. It shows that the most common term of Canadian ? ed-rate mortgages is ? ve years. Based on the fractions we obtain from Chart A, we assign a weight for each . For example, we assign a 60 per cent weight to . We take a similar approach for bonds. We derive a maturity distribution from quarterly data on the maturity and face value of federal government debt. 2 Chart B shows the distribution from the fourth quarter of 2005. We assum e that the distribution of terms to maturity for federal government bonds approximates that for all instruments in this category. For pensions, we focus on two types of pension plans: de? ned-contribution and non-indexed de? ned-bene? t plans. For de? ned-contribution plans, we assume that the average investment portfolio is approximated by the holdings of Trusteed Pension Plans. 3 The assets of Trusteed Pension Plans are given in the NBSA. We compute the distributions of these assets over terms to maturity and use them to assign weights to each value. For non-indexed de? ned-bene? t plans, we assume a ? xed stream of annual post-retirement payments. When calculating the present-value 1 The term of mortgage is the length of the current mortgage agreement. A mortgage can have a long amortization period, such as 30 years, with a shorter term, such as 5 years. When the term expires, a new term agreement can begin at the prevailing interest rate. The term of mortgage, rather than the amortization period, is relevant for our analysis. These data were obtained from the Bank of Canada’s Communication, Auction and Reporting System database. See Meh and Terajima (2008) for more details. Trusteed Pension Plans hold approximately 70–75 per cent of employer pension plan assets. See Meh and Terajima (2008) for more details. gains and losses of pension assets, we apply the formulas in Box 1 to each payment, then sum all the gains or losses. In assigning the term to maturity of each payment, we set based on the difference between the current age of the household and the age at the time of the payment. Chart A: Distribution of Fixed-Rate Mortgages by Term % 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Six months One year Two years Three to four years Five years Seven years Ten or more years Chart B: Distribution of Government Bonds by Term to Maturity % 15 10 5 0 1 yr. 10 yr. 20 yr. 30 yr. 2 3 48 UNEXPECTED INFLATION AND REDISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH IN CANADA BANK OF CANADA REVIEW SPRING 2009 It is also clear that gains and losses are generally smaller under IA. The household sector loss under IA is 1. 26 per cent of GDP (or $17. 3 billion), compared with 1. 95 per cent under FS. This change is driven by a reduction in the losses associated with the sector’s net savings in long-term bonds and pensions relative to the FS case. The change is offset somewhat, since instruments with a shorter maturity are less sensitive to gradual in? ation, and the gains associated with the sector’s net debt in mortgage markets shrink relative to the FS case. The government gain drops from about 2. 1 per cent of GDP under the FS scenario to about 1. 5 per cent under the IA scenario—i. . , it shrinks by almost one-third. This occurs because the government borrows through some bonds that have maturities of less than ? ve years. The non-resident sector’s losses, although small, increase from 0. 14 per cent of GDP under FS to 0. 23 per cent of GDP under IA. Finally, Table 4 shows gross redistributions for the household sector—i. e . , it distinguishes between losses associated with lending and gains associated with borrowing. It should be clear from these results that net calculations substantially understate how much wealth is shifted around. Under FS, the household sector gains 12. 3 per cent of GDP and loses 14. 48 per cent, implying a total gross redistribution of 27. 01 per cent of GDP. In other words, household wealth worth 27 per cent of GDP is reshuf? ed. Under IA, the total gross redistribution is 16. 47 per cent of GDP. Table 5: Redistribution of Wealth across Households as a Percentage of Net Worth by Age and Income Class, with a One Per Cent In? ation Shock Lasting Five Years Age group Under 36 Full-surprise scenario All High-income Middle-income Low-income Indexing ASAP scenario All High-income Middle-income Low-income 1. 66 0. 26 3. 91 2. 66 0. 44 -0. 18 1. 15 1. 15 -0. 54 -0. 74 -0. 3 0. 28 -0. 84 -0. 76 -0. 94 -0. 42 -0. 83 -0. 82 -0. 89 -0. 17 -0. 82 -0. 86 -0. 81 -0. 56 -0. 34 -0. 55 -0. 19 0. 14 1. 74 0. 13 4. 34 2. 53 0. 54 -0. 10 1. 28 1. 32 -0. 63 -0. 80 -0. 55 0. 16 -1. 07 -0. 85 -1. 26 -1. 01 -1. 36 -1. 34 -1. 42 -0. 69 -1. 55 -1. 45 -1. 64 -1. 15 -0. 53 -0. 68 -0. 42 -0. 16 36–45 46–55 56–65 66–75 Over 75 All Redistribution between household types Even though the household sector as a whole loses from surprise in? ation, the loss (or gain) is not uniform across different types of households. For different groups of households, we calculate the redistribution of wealth induced by the in? tion episode described above. Table 5 reports the present-value gains and losses as a percentage of the average net worth of each group for FS and IA. Overall, with respect to age categories, young households bene? t from in? ation and older households lose. On the income dimension, the right column of the table indicates that high-income households lose the most and the loss declines as income becomes lower. Speci? cally, the main winners are young, m iddleincome households with large, ? xed-rate mortgage debts. Their gain as a proportion of mean net worth is large: 4. 34 per cent under FS and 3. 1 per cent under IA. The second group of winners is the young, lowincome group, who enjoy, on average, gains between 2. 53 per cent and 2. 66 per cent of their average net worth. The gains of the young low-income group come largely from their holdings of student loans and mortgage debt. Note that this group actually experiences greater gains under IA. As in the case for the non-resident sector, this occurs when there is a maturity mismatch. More speci? cally, while the gains associated with their net borrowing positions in bonds and mortgages do not vary much between in? tion scenarios, the losses associated with their savings in short-term instruments are mitigated under IA, since these claims mature before the shock has ended. The main winners are young, middleincome households with large, ? xed-rate mortgage debts. More age groups amo ng low-income housholds bene? t from the in? ation episode than those among the middle class or the high-income under FS. This is because low-income households remain net borrowers through to age 56, and therefore the youngest three groups among the low-income are winners. In general, older middle- and high-income households bear most of the losses under the two in? tion scenarios. More speci? cally, under the FS scenario, high- and middle-income households over age 75 are the sector’s greatest losers, with losses accounting for 1. 45 per cent and 1. 64 per cent, respectively, of their respective average net worth. These losses are UNEXPECTED INFLATION AND REDISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH IN CANADA BANK OF CANADA REVIEW SPRING 2009 49 mainly owing to their large positions in bonds and non-indexed de? ned-bene? t pensions. Table 5 also shows that most high-income households lose from the in? ation episode. Older middle- and high-income households bear most of the losses . . owing to t heir large positions in bonds and non-indexed de? ned-bene? t pensions. Conclusion In this article, we quantify the redistributional effects of unexpected in? ation in Canada. To this end, we ? rst provide comprehensive evidence of the nominal assets and liabilities of various economic sectors and household groups. We then conduct experiments examining the redistributional consequences of various in? ation episodes. The key ? nding is that the redistributional effects of unexpected in? ation are large even for episodes of low in? ation. For example, during an episode of low in? tion, where in? ation is one per cent above expectations for ? ve consecutive years, the loss of wealth among the household sector as a whole could amount to the equivalent of two per cent of GDP, or $27 billion. Among the main winners are young, middle-income households, who are major holders of ? xed-rate mortgage debt, and the government, since in? ation reduces the real burden of their debts. The losers a re a combination of highincome households; middle-aged, middle-income households; and old households, who hold long-term bonds and non-indexed pension wealth. Non-indexed pension assets play an important role in the losses of old households. A natural question arising from these results is whether these redistributions have implications for the aggregate economy and welfare. These issues are analyzed in recent research by Meh, Rios-Rull, and Terajima (2008), whose ? ndings are also summarized in Crawford, Meh, and Terajima (this issue). Literature Cited Crawford, A. , C. A. Meh, and Y. Terajima. 2009. â€Å"Price-Level Uncertainty, Price-Level Targeting, and Nominal Debt Contracts. † Bank of Canada Review, (Spring): 31-41. Doepke, M. nd M. Schneider. 2006. â€Å"In? ation and the Redistribution of Nominal Wealth. † Journal of Political Economy 114 (6): 1069–97. Meh, C. A. , J. -V. Rios-Rull, and Y. Terajima. 2008. â€Å"Aggregate and Welfare Effects of Redistribution of Wealth under In? ation and Price-Level Targeting. † Bank of Canada Working Paper No. 2008-31. Meh, C. A. and Y. Terajima. 2008. â€Å"In? ation , Nominal Portfolios, and Wealth Redistribution in Canada. † Bank of Canada Working Paper No. 2008-19. 50 UNEXPECTED INFLATION AND REDISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH IN CANADA BANK OF CANADA REVIEW SPRING 2009 How to cite Unexpected Inflation, Essay examples

Frederick Douglas Essay Example For Students

Frederick Douglas Essay Casey ConnealyHistoryFrederick Douglas The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave was written by Frederick Douglass himself. He was born into slavery in Tuckahoe, Maryland in approximately 1817. He has, ?no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it (47). He became known as an eloquent speaker for the cause of the abolitionists. Having himself been kept as a slave until he escaped from Maryland in 1838, he was able to deliver very impassioned speeches about the role of the slave holders and the slaves. Many Northerners tried to discredit his tales, but no one was ever able to disprove his statements. Frederick Douglass does offer a biased review of slavery, as he was born into it, yet even in his bias he is able to detect and detail the differences in the slave holders cruelty and that to which he was subjected. From being whipped and humiliated daily, a very severe whipping? for being awkward (101), to being able to fin d his own work and save some money, I was able to command the highest wages given to the most experienced calkers (134), he is able to give the reader a more true picture of slavery. His poignant speeches raised the ire of many Northerners, yet many still felt the slaves deserved their position in life. Douglass, for his own safety, was urged to travel to England where he stayed and spoke until 1847 when he returned to the U.S. to buy his freedom. At that point, he began to write and distribute an anti-slavery newspaper called The North Star. Not only did he present news to the slaves, but it was also highly regarded as a good source of information for those opposed to slavery. During the Civil war, Douglass organized two regiments of black soldiers in Massachusetts to fight for the North. Before, during and after the war he continued his quest to free all the slaves. He became known as a fair and righteous man and was appointed as the U.S. Minister of Haiti after holding several government offices. Frederick Douglass has woven many themes into his narrative, all being tied with a common thread of mans inhumanity towards man. Children were uprooted from the arms of their mothers, before the child has reached its twelfth month, its mother is taken from it (48) and sold to other slave holders. Brutal whippings occurred for even the smallest imagined offense, a mere look, word, or motion (118), women were treated as no better than common concubines and the slaves were forced into living quarters, on one common bed? cold, damp floor (55) worse than some of the farm animals. The slaves were not allowed even the most meager portion of food, eight pounds of pork and one bushel of corn meal (54) to last a month. Clothes were scarce and illness was never tolerated. It was unthinkable for the slaves to practice any type of religion, hold any gatherings, become literate to any degree, unlawful? unsafe, to teach a slave to read (78) or even make the simple decision of when to eat and sleep. One of the themes that the book dealt with is society and its handling of slavery under the guise of Christianity. Those who professed to being the most Christian i.e., the minister who lived next door, was actually the most cruel. Douglass stated adamantly that religion was, a mere covering for the most horrid of crimes, justifier of? barbarity sanctifier of? hateful fraud, ?protection for the slave holder (117).Religious slave holders are the worst (117) because they thought it was their duty to whip his slaves (118). While being in the community of religious leaders, Douglass was subjected to the meanest? most cruel (117) of acts of one human being towards another. The slaves were kept down, belittled and whipped into submission all under the tenets of Christianity. The Rev. Weeden, Rev. Hopkins and Mr. Freeland felt it was not only their right to own slaves, but also their God-given right to take these ?human beings and turn them into hard workers. The imagined acts of trans gression and the punishments mettled out smacked of Puritanism of the 1600s. If they, as religious leaders, were the ideal citizens of society, then the slaves, who were the chaff of the wheat, must be treated as such. If the slaves were not whipped daily, how could they ever be saved from all their imagined sins?Not only are we allowed a chronological view of Frederick Douglass life, we are also privy to the growth of his emotional maturity as he explores the value of becoming a free man, looked forward? safe to escape? too young to go immediately? consoled myself with hope (86). It is the gradual realization that the more Douglass is treated fairly, deep conviction that slavery would not always be able to hold me in its foul embrace (75), the more he wants to be free and the more inhumanly he is treated, raised his musket? aim at his standing victim? Demby was no more? horror flashed through every soul upon the plantation (67) the more he accepts his plight as a slave that opens up his major theme. He comes to realize that the slaves lose their personality and identity the more submissive and down trodden they become. Unable to think of only protecting their survival, they begin to believe they are unworthy of being saved. .uf246c0baeec5abf25ae27aeefb5502f4 , .uf246c0baeec5abf25ae27aeefb5502f4 .postImageUrl , .uf246c0baeec5abf25ae27aeefb5502f4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf246c0baeec5abf25ae27aeefb5502f4 , .uf246c0baeec5abf25ae27aeefb5502f4:hover , .uf246c0baeec5abf25ae27aeefb5502f4:visited , .uf246c0baeec5abf25ae27aeefb5502f4:active { border:0!important; } .uf246c0baeec5abf25ae27aeefb5502f4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf246c0baeec5abf25ae27aeefb5502f4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf246c0baeec5abf25ae27aeefb5502f4:active , .uf246c0baeec5abf25ae27aeefb5502f4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf246c0baeec5abf25ae27aeefb5502f4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf246c0baeec5abf25ae27aeefb5502f4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf246c0baeec5abf25ae27aeefb5502f4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf246c0baeec5abf25ae27aeefb5502f4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf246c0baeec5abf25ae27aeefb5502f4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf246c0baeec5abf25ae27aeefb5502f4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf246c0baeec5abf25ae27aeefb5502f4 .uf246c0baeec5abf25ae27aeefb5502f4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf246c0baeec5abf25ae27aeefb5502f4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Daddy, Sylvia Plath EssayAs they are awarded more freedoms, the slaves begin to realize that what has been taken from them is actually their right to have, a city slave is almost a freeman (79). Freedom looks more and more precious the closer they are to achieving it until it becomes an obsession and they will fight to the death to become freemen. The literary work the Narrative expresses two main views of women, neither of which are to be taken as positive values even in the 1800s. In a very unfavorable light, Douglass tells the reader that slave women were expected to work alongside the men doing the same hard, dirty labor or they were used to watch the children when they become, too old for field labor (48). In Narrative, Mr. Covey, buys one slave? for a breeder (105). The men in Narrative believe women are only good for sex and they do not hesitate to use them as such. Another example is that Fredericks father was, whispered? my master was my father (49). The slave holder was not above satisfying his sexual urges by the usage of black slaves. The book was easily digested and powerful yet Douglass softened the tone by not becoming graphic when he had every right to do so. This was the first publication of the book and it would be interesting to see how much gentler he was by the third rewrite. Published by the Anti Slavery Committee, it was definitely biased against the slave holder but Douglass seemed to write fairly of his experiences especially since he was able to relate both good and bad experiences with his slave owners. Douglass words sum it up the best, You have seen how a man was made a slave; you shall see how a slave was made a man. (107)

Eymp 1 Context and Principles for Early Years Provision free essay sample

An explanation of how different approaches to work with children in early years have affected current provision in the UK Over the years many people have made studies of what they believe were the important factors in providing for children’s needs. All of these pioneers believed that there should be an integrated approach to the early years provision. One of these pioneers that had the greatest influence was Freidrich Froebel. Froebel founded the first kindergarten in 1840 and learned how important it was for children to have real experiences and to be physically active, learning outdoors as well as indoors. He believed that schools should be communities where parents could join their children, and that parents were the first educators of children. Other pioneers were Maria Montessori who devised a structured teaching programme based on watching children with learning difficulties and building on the work of Froebel. She have a different view to him in some areas, for example believing that children should learn to work alone to help them become independent learners and did not see the benefit of play. We will write a custom essay sample on Eymp 1 Context and Principles for Early Years Provision or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Rudolf Steiner believed that the first seven years of a childs life were the most important and that they needed a carefully planned environment to develop in a rounded way. Margaret McMillan used many of Froebel’s ideas and thought that play was very important. She believed that nurseries were an extension of the home and not a replacement for it. In the 1920s she set up nursery schools that were copied across the world, having gardens and welcoming families and not just children. One of her most important achievements was introducing school medical services and school meals. She did this because she believed that children could not learn of they were hungry or sick. All of the work of these and other pioneers had an impact on the way that the current provisions in the UK have developed. Why the early years framework emphasises a personal and ndividual approach to learning and development The early years framework emphasises a personal and individual approach to learning and development because valuing a child’s individuality, ideas and feelings is an important part of developing an individual approach to the learning and development. A child has universal physical needs such as food, drink and shelter and psychological needs such as love, affection, security, friendship which are essential to maintaining their quality of life. In recognising and trying to meet an individual child’s needs each child’s age, physical maturity, intellectual abilities, emotional development, social skills and past experiences and relationships need to be considered. Part 2 An explanation of the partnership model of working with carers This enables different services and professionals to join together to prevent problems happening. It is used to support children, young people and families to help secure improved outcomes. A review of the potential barriers to participation of cares and an explanation of how these barriers may be overcome There can be barriers to effective partnership working these include problems in sharing information, people not being clear on their roles and concerned that they may make a mistake. An explanation of strategies that can be used to support carers who may react positively or negatively to partnership opportunities Some people may feel threatened that new approaches are being used which mean that they have to work in different ways to which they have been used to. Some may also not like being managed by someone that has different skills and experience from their own. To overcome these issues team meetings can be used for everyone to help them work together. It will also allow everyone to fully understand the roles and responsibilities of the other services and practitioners. An explanation of how effective multi-agency working operates within early years provision and benefits children and carers The Common Assessment Framework is used to by practitioners to assess the additional needs of and their family and to help identify the services that will be required to meet their needs. The Common Assessment Framework starts with assessment and information sharing of the childs development within the EYFS, the care and support offered, the overall family and environment. Using this information the lead professional will work with the team and the parents to put in place a plan to support the child’s development. The Common Assessment Framework has a standard form that is used to record and share with others the details of the assessment. The things that are important are clear and effective communication between the professionals and the agencies, keeping accurate records and maintaining confidentiality.

20 Compare and Contrast Essay Topics on Computational Genomics

20 Compare and Contrast Essay Topics on Computational Genomics The saying ‘having a complete awareness about one’s self is important to personal growth’ is one that can also be applied in the field of computational genomics for a couple of reasons which will be explained below. But first, here is a brief explanation of computational genomics; the field of computational genomics is the use of computational analysis to analyze the data provided by the human genes, DNA and RNA. As stated earlier, here is where parallels between the above saying and computational genomics are drawn. The analysis of genomic sequences provides man with a window into the thorough understanding of our past such as modern man’s relationship to the Neanderthals. This ability to discover the past and trace its effects to our future development has pushed the narrative of human evolution as well as helped scientist trace diseases, their cause and effect with the aim of predicting life cycles and developing vaccines to cure ancient ailments. Now, for those tasked with the responsibility of writing on computational genomics, this article is intended to serve as a topic directory as well as a tutorial on drafting a compare and contrast essay topic on the stated subject matter. The 20 Compare and Contrast Essay Topics Discussing the Similarities and Differences between the Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells Comparing and Contrasting the Historic Roles of Cell Biology and Basic Biology in Computational Genomics Understanding the Roles of Cells in Computational Genomics against its Role in Medicine Analyzing the Roles of DNA and RNA in Computational Genomics Comparing the Roles Played by 20th Century Biologist to 21st Century Scientist in Computational Genomics Discussing the Importance of Gregor Mendel’s Role in Advancing the Field of Computational Genomics Understanding Chromosomes with an Aim to Compare and Contrast their Role in Genomics Understanding DNA Sequencing and the 1977 Milestone and its Effects to Sequencing the First Organism Understanding the difference between the Haploid and Diploid Genome Sequencing Analyzing the Role of Mathematical Computations in Sequencing Genomes Comparing the Importance of the James Watson Group against Craig Venter’s Enterprise Sharing or Concealing Discovered Genome Sequences: The Effects to the field of Genomics What are Genomics and Computational Genomics? Discussing the Importance of Data Science to Computational Genomics Understanding the Application of Combinatorial Pattern Discovery in Computational Genomics Analyzing the Importance of Molecular Biology in Computational Genomics Analyzing Recent Development and Future Directions in Computational Genomics Computational Genomic Analysis Using the G-language Project Comparing and Contrasting the Difference between Genetics and Genomics Analyzing Computational Challenges in the Analysis of Ancient DNA As earlier discussed, these topics are intended to provide you with some additional   inspiration when searching for a compare and contrast essay topic to kick-start your assignment. The topic ‘Analyzing the roles of DNA and RNA in Computational Genomics’ will be drafted below to provide some guidelines on writing a compare and contrast essay. Sample Essay on the Analyzing the Roles of DNA and RNA in Computational Genomics In computational genomics, human genes, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) all play important roles both on their own as well as simultaneously in the analysis of genetic sequences. In this essay I intend to analyze the similarities and differences in the roles played by DNA and RNA in computational genomics. First and foremost, I believe it is important to understand the concept of both factors for it plays an integral role in explaining their functions as well as the contrasting and similar features binding DNA and RNA together. DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all modern living organisms while RNA acts as the messenger which carries the DNA instructions needed to control the synthesis of protein in an organism. A simplified analogy of their symbiotic relationship is that of a computer’s operating system and internal programs that make the system function. Here, DNA is the operating system while RNA is the supporting program. The similarities between both DNA and RNA are quite impressive, and scientists make use of these similarities in computational genomics in multiple ways. Some of these similarities are basically structured as can be seen from the fact that both RNA and DNA are made up of monomers called nucleotides. This structural similarity goes forward to include the fact that both factors contain pentose sugars and have the base pair of guanine and cytosine which are necessary for the cells to produce protein and are important factors in analyzing genes. While the similarities between a cells’ DNA and RNA are generally contained towards the structural end, the contrasting features are more notable when the functions of both phosphoric acids are compared. Looking at their base function; DNA provides the biological blueprint that serve as guidelines for the human cell, it does this by producing and storing relevant information needed for the transfer of biological information within species and from one generation to the other. RNA on the other hand, also serves a different complementary function that is also quite important. It serves as the carrier of information for the DNA through the nucleus to the ribosome. It is important to note that the important factor in computational genomics, genes, are found in small strands in the DNA and not the RNA. This means that DNA provides the most important data needed for computational genomics while the RNA provides complementary data to support the analytical process. In conclusion, the similarities and differences between DNA and RNA all work together to make computational genomics possible and this has led to scientific advances such as the sequencing of genes and understanding the pathology of diverse diseases and epidemics. Here we come to the end of this article covering compare and contrast topics on the subject of computational genomics. Also recommended for extra reading are the follow-up articles covering 10 facts for a compare and contrast essay on computational genomics and the compare and contrast essay guide on computational genomics. References: Raychaudhuri, S. (2006). Computational Text Analysis for Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics. Zheng, Y., Li, X. and Hu, H. (2014). Computational discovery of feature patterns in Nucleosomal DNA sequences. Genomics, 104(2), pp.87-95. Mao, Y. and Salavati, R. (2009). Genome-wide Computational Identification of Functional RNA Elements in Trypanosoma Brucei. BMC Genomics, 10(1), p.355. Treangen, T. and Salzberg, S. (2011). Repetitive DNA and Next-generation Sequencing: Computational Challenges and Solutions. Nature Reviews Genetics. Satellite Workshop on Comparative Genomics, Research in Computational Molecular Biology (2011). Journal of Computational Biology, 18(9), pp.1019-1021. Nawrocki, E. and Eddy, S. (2013). Computational Identification of Functional RNA Homologs in Metagenomic data. RNA Biology, 10(7), pp.1170-1179. Pareek, C. and Tretyn, A. (2011). Sequencing Technologies and Genome Sequencing. Journal of Applied Genetics, 52(4), pp.413-435.